Is
Josephus a forgery?
There
has been an ongoing debate among scholars as to the
authenticity of the "Testimonium" in the Antiquites. Louis Fldman,
the dean of Josephan scholars, counts more than eighty studies of this
problem
from 1937 to 1980. Part of the issue is the earliest manuscripts are
copies
from the eleventh century, making textual criticism ineffective (Van
Voorst
2000, pg 88). We turn instead to historical criticism. Arguments for
the authenticity
include: The passage "wise man" is not one would expect from a
Christian interpolation, because it is not at all a common Christian
one. Same
is true for "worker of amazing deeds." Christians would have avoided
the word "pleasure" in "teacher of people who accept the truth
with pleasure." Also "those who had first loved him did not cease"
is characteristically Josephan in style." On the other hand statements
like "if indeed it is right to call him a man" looks like a Christian
scribe's correction and there are also problems with the phrase "the
Christ." Also "for on the third day he appeared to them alive again"
is filled with Christian content (VanVoorst 2000, pg 91). The doubts
about wording,
have led some interpreters to reject the entire passage as
interpolation.
However because of just as strong counter arguments that over half of
the
passage is authentic Josephan content, a neutral reconstruction is
proposed
which removes the suspicious content:
Around
this time lived Jesus, a wise man. For he was a worker of amazing deeds
and was
a tacher of people who gladly accept the truth. He won over both many
Jews and
many Greeks. Pilate, when he heard him accused by the leading men among
us,
condemned him to the cross, those who had first loved him did not
cease. To
this day the tribe of Christians named after him has not disappeared
(Van Voorst
2000, pg 93).
There are several reasons
that the neutral reconstruction is
accepted including a quote from Agapius's Universal history, a tenth
century Christian
which suggests he knows a version of Josephus that contains the
Testimonium in
a form that tends to resemble the neutral reconstruction. It is
supported by a
roughly parallel presentation (held to be genuine), of John the
Baptizer (Ant.
18.5.2 $ 116-9)(Van Voorst 2000, pg 97,98). And also
is corroborated by Josephus' mentioning of James, the brother of Jesus
(Van Voorst
2000, pg 83).
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